CALCIUM CONSERVATION COOLING COOLING TOWERS ECONOMICS FOULING HARDNESS ION EXCHANGE POWER GENERATION SCALING TDS WASTEWATER ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE

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Abstract

The power generation industry is adopting water conservation and recycling measures to address concerns about water usage and rising overall costs of water. These measures can result in dissolved solids (TDS) that accumulate in process streams including cooling and utility water, ash pond water, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater. Rising levels of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfate (SO4) limit the extent of water reuse by affecting the scaling potential of process water, while dissolved Ca, Mg chlorides increase the boiling point of waste liquors treated in zero liquid discharge (ZLD) evaporator-crystallizer systems, leading to increases in power consumption and capital cost of ZLD systems.

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