MEMBRANES MICROFILTRATION MUNICIPAL WATER PVDF ULTRAFILTRATION

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Abstract

Membrane filtration for water treatment first gained widespread acceptance during the 1980s. Initial applications were targeted at general process water duties, and were followed by the development of specific ultrafiltration (UF) products with a fine pore size rating targeted at high-purity water production for polishing loops. In the 1990s, UF membranes started to be used for municipal drinking water applications. Initially UF had been considered too expensive both in terms of capital and operating costs for widespread acceptance of the technology. However, legislative drivers developed for drinking water treatment as a response to a 1993 Cryptosporidium outbreak in the United States, and from a series of cryptosporidiosis incidents in the United Kingdom between 1989 and 1997. Membrane filtration became mandatory for the treatment of some water sources that were considered to be at risk. Gradually, market volumes increased and costs fell, so that now membranes are widely applied in both municipal and industrial duties.

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