Reverse Osmosis Ion-exchange Chlorine Fouling Membranes

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Abstract

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a continuous, steady state process that uses semi-permeable membranes for removing solutes such as dissolved ions from a solution. RO membranes allow the passage of water but reject almost all the ions and salts, resulting in a concentrated retentate, or reject on the feed side of the membrane, and product water or permeate on the other side of the membrane. Semi-permeable membranes permit preferential passage of certain solutes under the influence of a driving force; pressure difference between the feed side and the permeate side. Thus, most permeable components get enriched in the permeate stream, while the least permeable component gets enriched in the reject stream. The transport properties of solutes through the membrane are, thus, determined by the permeability of the membrane and by a driving force.

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